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dc.contributor.author | German-Castelli, Pierina | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2023-12-21T18:39:48Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2023-12-21T18:39:48Z | - |
dc.date.issued | 2004-03-05 | |
dc.identifier.citation | German-Castelli, Pierina. Diversidade biocultural: direitos de propriedade intelectual versus direitos dos recursos tradicionais.. 2004. 222 f. Tese (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Sociais em Desenvolvimento, Agricultura e Sociedade) - Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica-RJ. | por |
dc.identifier.uri | https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/20.500.14407/9482 | - |
dc.description.abstract | A chegada das novas biotecnologias abriu a possibilidade sem limites de explorar os componentes intangíveis da biodiversidade, a informação genética contida nela e os conhecimentos tradicionais associados (CTA), transformando esses em processos e produtos de alto valor econômico. Desse modo, trouxeram os recursos genéticos ao centro das transações comerciais, e com eles os povos indígenas e as comunidades locais, pela contribuição de seus conhecimentos nas etapas iniciais da bioprospecção. O elo entre a tecnociência e o capital se estabeleceu através do laço jurídico dos direitos de propriedade intelectual (DPI), porém a criação de um mercado global demandou a expansão de um regime global de DPI, através do Acordo de Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio (ADPIC). Este acordo generalizou um sistema de patentes que permite a proteção dos seres vivos, as informações genéticas que contêm e todas suas aplicações os organismos transgênicos, e os processos pelos quais foram obtidos. Mas, a pressuposição desta regulação é que o processo de inovação envolve a produção de conhecimento que é tanto divisível como codificável e com autoria facilmente atribuível. Deste modo abriram as portas para a biopirataria. Ao mesmo tempo, a Convenção de Diversidade Biológica (CDB) mudou o status da biodiversidade e os recursos genéticos para bens de direito soberano dos Estados, outorgando-lhes o direito de explorar seus próprios recursos estabelecendo suas regulamentações de acesso. Por outro lado, reconhece o papel das comunidades locais e povos indígenas na conservação e uso sustentável da biodiversidade, garantindo-lhes o usufruto dos benefícios obtidos com o uso de seus saberes. Estes acordos têm gerado controvérsias e polarizações entre países desenvolvidos – detentores das biotecnologias – e os países em desenvolvimento – detentores da diversidade biocultural. Um dos aspectos preocupantes nesta disputa sobre a apropriação dos frutos da revolução biotecnológica é que envolve comunidades tradicionais, responsáveis pela conservação da biodiversidade, que não a consideram pertencente a nenhum indivíduo particular, mas como parte de uma herança coletiva. Neste momento um dos riscos nas negociações tanto no plano internacional como nacional em relação à apropriação dos frutos da bioprospecção é que os direitos das comunidades tradicionais podem não ser respeitados. O propósito desta tese é de explorar os pontos de controvérsia na governança internacional e nacional a respeito dos direitos das populações tradicionais, tentando repensar as formas nas quais eles podem ser contemplados. Analisamos as limitações do regime de DPI para proteger os direitos desses novos atores na economia, os povos indígenas e as comunidades locais. Exploramos a alternativa de um sistema sui generis, baseado no conceito de Direitos dos Recursos Tradicionais cujos fundamentos analisamos. A partir deste enfoque examinamos como as disputas sobre estas questões se expressam no Brasil, o país com maior megabiodiversidade, e um dos mais ricos em diversidade cultural, e analisamos os debates em torno dos novos arranjos institucionais que precisam ser implantados | por |
dc.description.sponsorship | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq | por |
dc.format | application/pdf | * |
dc.language | por | por |
dc.publisher | Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro | por |
dc.rights | Acesso Aberto | por |
dc.subject | biodiversidade | por |
dc.subject | biotecnologias | por |
dc.subject | conhecimento tradicional | por |
dc.subject | direitos de propriedade intelectual | por |
dc.subject | direitos dos recursos tradicionais | por |
dc.subject | biodiversity | eng |
dc.subject | biotechnologies | eng |
dc.subject | traditional knowledge | eng |
dc.subject | intellectual property rights | eng |
dc.subject | traditional resources rights | eng |
dc.title | Diversidade biocultural: direitos de propriedade intelectual versus direitos dos recursos tradicionais. | por |
dc.title.alternative | Biocultural Diversity: Intellectual Property Rights versus Traditional Resources Rights. | eng |
dc.type | Tese | por |
dc.description.abstractOther | Biotechnology opened up the possibility of an unlimited exploration of the intangible components of biodiversity, the genetic information it contains, together with the associated traditional knowledge (ATK), transforming them into processes and products of high economic value. In this way, genetic resources were brought to the center of commercial transactions, and with them indigenous people and local communities, because of the contribution of their knowledge in the initial stages of bioprospecting. The link between tecno-science and capital was settled through the juridical provisions for intellectual property rights (IPR), but the creation of a global market demanded the expansion of a global regime of DPI, through the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). This agreement generalized a patents system that allows for the protection of living organisms, their genetic information and all their applications, extending to transgenic organisms and the processes by which they were obtained. The presupposition of this regulation is that the innovation process involves production of knowledge which is readily divisible, codifiable and with easily attributable authorial rights. In this way, the doors were opened for biopiracy. At the same time, the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) changed the status of biodiversity and genetic resources, subjecting them to the sovereign jurisdiction of States, and granting these the right to exploring their own resources by establishing regulations governing access. On the other hand, the CDB recognizes the role of local communities and indigenous people in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, guaranteeing them the usufruct of benefits obtained by the use of their knowledge. These agreements have generating controversies and conflicts between developed countries– the owners of biotechnologies – and developing countries – the owners of biocultural diversity. One of the worrying aspects in the dispute over the appropriation of the fruits of the biotechnical revolution is that it involves traditional communities, who are responsible for the conservation of biodiversity, and who do not consider this to belong to any private individual, but see it as part of a collective inheritance. In the international and national negotiations on the appropriation of the fruits of bioprospecting there is, therefore, the risk that traditional communities' rights may not be respected. This thesis explores the controversial issues of international and national governance regarding the rights of traditional populations, and offers a basis for rethinking the forms by which they might be contemplated. We analyze the limitations of IPR regime to protect those new actors' rights in the economy - the indigenous people and local communities. We explore the alternative of a sui generis system, based on the concept of Traditional Resources Rights whose foundations are analyzed. In this light, we analyze how the disputes on these subjects are expressed in Brazil, the country with largest megabiodiversity, and one of the richest in cultural diversity, and examine the arguments on the new institutional arrangements which need to be implanted. | eng |
dc.contributor.advisor1 | Wilkinson, John | |
dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes | http://lattes.cnpq.br/2989426582410693 | por |
dc.contributor.referee1 | Wilkinson, John | |
dc.contributor.referee2 | Giordano, Nelson | |
dc.contributor.referee3 | May, Peter | |
dc.contributor.referee4 | Albagli, Sarita | |
dc.contributor.referee5 | Ávila, Jorge | |
dc.creator.Lattes | http://lattes.cnpq.br/8658313493711184 | por |
dc.publisher.country | Brasil | por |
dc.publisher.department | Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais | por |
dc.publisher.initials | UFRRJ | por |
dc.publisher.program | Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Sociais em Desenvolvimento, Agricultura e Sociedade | por |
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